Knowing where you are walking: the benefits and hazards of using theoretical roadmaps and research to guide community consultation practice

This paper progresses the 2006 Trans-Tasman Conference theme by considering 'do you know where you are walking?' and more importantly 'do you know how to get there?'. The community psychologist’s aspirations for the 'common good' anticipate outcomes such as social justice, sense of community and empowerment, and prescribe congruent values-based praxis to accomplish it. Such concepts and visions compel us to act for social change; they also enlighten the challenging decisions and processes we encounter in our personal every day walk of life. This journey can be complex as the 'doing' of community psychology often involves an emotive personal as well as professional commitment, sometimes associated with a particular political agenda. This paper considers how mapping the psychological landscape of a community, along with its history and geography, can help guide the practitioner through difficult terrain. Some of the author’s experiences are considered from theoretical perspectives including sense of community, community consultation processes, social ecology, community readiness and capacity building. These narratives illustrate how such theoretical maps can help the community psychologist to avoid walking in circles, down dead-end streets and up one-way streets while 'walking the walk'

The Overjustification Effect: An Affective Interpretation

The purpose of the present research is to investigate the overjustification phenomenon whereby a person who performs an intrinsically interesting activity for an expected, external reward sometimes decreases his or her subsequent interest and engagement in that activity. The determinants of this effect have important implications for the type of contingency payment and reward systems used in organizational psychology and education where sustaining intrinsic motivation is a central concern.;Currently two main explanations of the overjustification process have been given: the self-perception overjustification hypothesis, and cognitive evaluation theory. Research that has been done to assess the validity of these explanations is reviewed and it is concluded that they are inadequate. Consistent with recent research in affect, a novel approach to the overjustification paradigm is taken in the present research. Specifically it was proposed that negative affect has a critical detrimental influence on intrinsic motivation, either as a reaction derived from self-perception and evaluation processes or as a factor that acts independently of these cognitive activities.;Two studies, using the typical overjustification paradigm, were undertaken to test these hypotheses. In study 1, the overjustification effect was successfully replicated for both behavioral and self-report measures of intrinsic motivation. Importantly, negative affect, measured by the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist, paralleled these results, and was greatest in those conditions in which intrinsic motivation was predicted and found to be low (i.e., expected reward). In study 2, affect was directly manipulated, independently of the cognitive manipulations, using Velton\u27s mood induction technique. The results showed that the induced positive affect erased the decrease in intrinsic motivation seen in study 1.;The findings are interpreted as support for an affective interpretation of the overjustification phenomenon. More generally, it is suggested that what determines the maintenance of intrinsic interest in any activity is the amount of negative affect that becomes associated with the activity from whatever source. Possible explanations as to how this affective process may influence future behavior are discussed, as are the implications for future research in intrinsic motivation, cognitive behavior theories and organizational psychology

PENGARUH SISTEM PERPAJAKAN, KEADILAN PAJAK, DAN PELAYANAN APARAT PAJAK TERHADAP TINDAKAN PENGGELAPAN PAJAK PADA UMKM DI KPP PRATAMA PEKANBARU SENAPELAN

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kembali dan menjelaskan apakah sistem perpajakan, keadilan pajak dan pelayanan aparat pajak berpengaruh terhadap tindakan penggelapan pajak. Obyek penelitian ini adalah wajib pelaku UMKM yang terdaftar di KPP Pratama Pekanbaru Senapelan. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 97 responden dari UMKM yang terdaftar di KPP Pratama Pekanbaru Senapelan, dan data yang digunakan adalah data primer melalui kuesioner. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji validitas dan reliabilitas, uji normalitas, uji asumsi klasik (multikolinearitas, dan heteroskedastisitas), uji statistik deskriptif, uji hipotesis (uji regresi linear berganda, uji nilai t, uji nilai F dan uji koefisien determinasi). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel sistem perpajakan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan. Sedangkan variabel keadilan pajak dan variabel pelayanan aparat pajak tidak berpengaruh terhadap tindakan penggelapan pajak

Pengaruh Madu Terhadap Kualitas Spermatozoa Tikus Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus) Yang Diberi Paparan Asap Rokok

: Cigarettes are composed of hazardous chemicals such as nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide (CO) to name a few. In just a single puff of a cigarette, there are 1014 free radical molecules also known as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that can cause sperm damage. Various natural ingredients native to Indonesia were found to contain various antioxidants, one of them is honey. The effects of honey as antioxidant may protect body cells in neutralizing free radicals caused by smoking and reducing the damage to spermatozoa cell that is caused by ROS and thereby avoiding the declining quality of spermatozoa. This study aimed to determine the effect of honey on the quality of spermatozoa of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) that had been exposed to cigarette smoke. Subjects of this study were nine male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) randomly divided into three groups weighing 150-200 g with the age range of 12-14 weeks. Each group of mice was given exposure to the smoke of 2 cigarettes a day in which the treatment group (P1) is also given 0.5 ml of honey per day, and the treatment group (P2) honey 1 ml / day. The results showed that honey treatment can improve concentration, motility, and morphology of spermatozoa Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) by exposure to cigarrets smoke. Occurred a significant difference of concentration, motility, and morphology of spermatozoa group given only the exposure to cigarette smoke and the group given exposure to cigarette smoke and honey. This results showed that 1 ml of honey per day could improve the quality of spermatozoa

Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Child stunting reduces survival and impairs neurodevelopment. We tested the independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and improved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) on stunting and anaemia in in Zimbabwe. METHODS: We did a cluster-randomised, community-based, 2 × 2 factorial trial in two rural districts in Zimbabwe. Clusters were defined as the catchment area of between one and four village health workers employed by the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care. Women were eligible for inclusion if they permanently lived in clusters and were confirmed pregnant. Clusters were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to standard of care (52 clusters), IYCF (20 g of a small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement per day from age 6 to 18 months plus complementary feeding counselling; 53 clusters), WASH (construction of a ventilated improved pit latrine, provision of two handwashing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, and play space plus hygiene counselling; 53 clusters), or IYCF plus WASH (53 clusters). A constrained randomisation technique was used to achieve balance across the groups for 14 variables related to geography, demography, water access, and community-level sanitation coverage. Masking of participants and fieldworkers was not possible. The primary outcomes were infant length-for-age Z score and haemoglobin concentrations at 18 months of age among children born to mothers who were HIV negative during pregnancy. These outcomes were analysed in the intention-to-treat population. We estimated the effects of the interventions by comparing the two IYCF groups with the two non-IYCF groups and the two WASH groups with the two non-WASH groups, except for outcomes that had an important statistical interaction between the interventions. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01824940. FINDINGS: Between Nov 22, 2012, and March 27, 2015, 5280 pregnant women were enrolled from 211 clusters. 3686 children born to HIV-negative mothers were assessed at age 18 months (884 in the standard of care group from 52 clusters, 893 in the IYCF group from 53 clusters, 918 in the WASH group from 53 clusters, and 991 in the IYCF plus WASH group from 51 clusters). In the IYCF intervention groups, the mean length-for-age Z score was 0·16 (95% CI 0·08-0·23) higher and the mean haemoglobin concentration was 2·03 g/L (1·28-2·79) higher than those in the non-IYCF intervention groups. The IYCF intervention reduced the number of stunted children from 620 (35%) of 1792 to 514 (27%) of 1879, and the number of children with anaemia from 245 (13·9%) of 1759 to 193 (10·5%) of 1845. The WASH intervention had no effect on either primary outcome. Neither intervention reduced the prevalence of diarrhoea at 12 or 18 months. No trial-related serious adverse events, and only three trial-related adverse events, were reported. INTERPRETATION: Household-level elementary WASH interventions implemented in rural areas in low-income countries are unlikely to reduce stunting or anaemia and might not reduce diarrhoea. Implementation of these WASH interventions in combination with IYCF interventions is unlikely to reduce stunting or anaemia more than implementation of IYCF alone. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, UK Department for International Development, Wellcome Trust, Swiss Development Cooperation, UNICEF, and US National Institutes of Health.The SHINE trial is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1021542 and OPP113707); UK Department for International Development; Wellcome Trust, UK (093768/Z/10/Z, 108065/Z/15/Z and 203905/Z/16/Z); Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; US National Institutes of Health (2R01HD060338-06); and UNICEF (PCA-2017-0002)

Having a sense of efficacy: considering adolescent and adult perceptions of self and self-in-community in relation to meeting personal and communal challenges

This review paper reports on a series of five studies that have sought to understand differences and commonalities regarding the constructs of self efficacy and communal mastery in relation to personal and community problem solving. Adult studies include university students’ management of stress, rural residents’ management of land use issues and volunteering behaviour, and urban residents’ management of water resources. Adolescent studies of mental health and community engagement include general and clinical samples. Once shared variance for measures of generalised self efficacy (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) and communal mastery (Hobfoll, Schroder, Wells & Malek, 2002) was removed, the relative significance of the two constructs tended to differ in relation to predicting aspects of personal problem solving (coping and wellbeing) and community problem solving (volunteering and engagement). For example, while adults’ reported self efficacy was a better predictor of managing worries, communal mastery was more predictive of managing actual stressful events. Adolescents’ reports of communal mastery were a better predictor of mental health indicators and coping than their reports of self efficacy. In regard to environmental issues, self efficacy contributed more to the prediction of pro-environmental behaviour than communal efficacy. Findings are discussed in terms of advancing conceptual understanding of the two constructs and the importance of promoting the development of communal as well as self efficacy in caring for the good of the one and the good of the many

Addressing interests and values in a consensus building framework for water allocation

A participant action research approach is used to develop a best practice consensus building framework for water allocation and use in two case study sites in Queensland, Australia. Conflict resolution techniques and skills are built into the framework to ensure interests and values are addressed. Using innovative photovoice and appreciative inquiry techniques, stakeholder interests and values are identified and monitored throughout the best practice water allocation process. The framework will be evaluated and refined in conjunction with participants using an adaptive management approach. Water scarcity and sustainable use is an increasing concern on a regional, national and global level. Some 20 UN agencies have freshwater on their agenda and the issue of water conflict is such a high priority that in 2001, UNESCO and World Water Council created the Water for Peace programme to turn 'potential conflict' to 'cooperative potential' in relation to freshwater disputes. Australia’s COAG water reforms have resulted in rapid institutional change with consequential expectations on irrigators and the community to meet the challenge. The Queensland government and segments of the southern Queensland community have experienced protracted negotiations over water allocation and use over the last few years. This study expands qualitative methodological tools to contribute to best practice and community and institutional capacity to prevent and resolve conflicts in water management in agriculture and trade-offs between environmental and consumptive uses of water, and public and private interests

Assessing environmental stewardship motivation

Environmental stewardship networks flourish across Australia. Although the environment benefits, this article looks to identify what volunteers draw from their stewardship. The authors adapted 16 questions that purportedly tap environmental stewardship motivation and administered them to a convenience sample of 318 university students and then to 88 people living in rural Australia, who were either active members of environmental groups or voiced concern about local environmental issues. The results suggest that the measure consisting of these questions demonstrates acceptable internal consistency. Factor analyses support three relatively independent aspects of environmental stewardship motivation: (a) developing a sense of belonging, (b) caretaking the environment, and (c) expanding personal learning. Scores on the scale were not strongly correlated with well-being, suggesting that the scale measures more than general feelings of positive affect. Discussion focuses on the benefits of being able to reliably assess environmental stewardship motivation and areas for further development of the scale

Having a sense of one's place: challenges of identifying and nurturing social and environmental community affordances

This paper demonstrates how an understanding of people's relationships with the physical spaces they occupy as home and community can contribute to our practice at individual, social and environmental levels. Community psychology suggests how a social residential community can influence the ability of its people to thrive and sustain cultural vitality with concepts such as sense of community and belonging. Similarly environmental psychology informs the understanding of the physical context of the residential community. Concepts such as sense of place, place identity and attachment suggest how spaces become places which afford inhabitants opportunities for biopsychosocial development and well being. This paper weaves these theoretical threads of community, environmental and ecological psychology and its research to describe processes by which people attribute meaning to their physical surroundings and subsequently symbolically represent them as home and community. Methods are presented for observing this fabric as a source and site for consultation regarding current individual, social and environmental challenges. Social justice issues embedded in current inequities of environmental affordances are considered from the experiences of adolescents, indigenous peoples, and rural and immigrant communities

Conceptual principles of quality of life: an empirical exploration

[Structured summary]: Background: Quality of life is a popular measure of outcomes and its widespread use has led to recent calls for a better understanding of the construct, emphasising the need to build a substantial body of knowledge around what determines perceptions of life quality. Some conceptual principles are examined in this study. Method: Self-ratings of life quality and three likely determinants at an individual level (stress), an interactional level (social support) and a community level (neighbourhood belonging) were used. Two groups of young adults from an urban community participated, one identified as having an intellectual disability. Results: Young adults with intellectual disability rated their satisfaction with health significantly higher and intimacy and community involvement lower than the comparison group. Social support emerged as the strongest predictor of life satisfaction across both groups. Conclusion: The conceptual principles of subjective quality of life provide a useful framework to discuss findings and to stimulate further research